Seroepidemiology of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnant Women in the Central Mexican City of Aguascalientes.

BACKGROUND: Infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) during pregnancy may lead to congenital disease. Very little is known about the seroepidemiology of CMV infection in pregnant women in Mexico. We sought to determine the seroprevalence and correlates of CMV infection in pregnant women in Aguascalientes City, Mexico. METHODS: Through a cross-sectional study design, 289 pregnant women were examined for anti-CMV IgG and IgM antibodies in Aguascalientes City, Mexico. A standardized questionnaire was used to obtain the socio-demographic, clinical and behavioral characteristics of the pregnant women. The association between CMV infection and the characteristics of the pregnant women was assessed by bivariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Anti-CMV IgG antibodies were detected in 259 (89.6%) of the 289 pregnant women studied. None of the 289 pregnant women were positive for anti-CMV IgM antibodies. Seroprevalence of CMV infection was significantly lower (P = 0.03) in pregnant women with reflex impairment (5/8: 62.5%) than in those without this clinical feature (246/272: 90.4%). Seroprevalence of CMV infection was significantly higher (P = 0.03) in pregnant women with 2 - 9 pregnancies (140/150: 93.3%) than in those with only one pregnancy (119/139: 86.2%). Logistic regression analysis of socio-demographic and behavioral variables showed that seropositivity to CMV was associated with contact with children (odds ratio (OR) = 3.56; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17 - 10.84; P = 0.02), whereas high (> 150 AU/mL) anti-CMV antibody levels were negatively associated with washing hands before eating (OR = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.05 - 0.63; P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: We found a high endemicity of CMV infection in pregnant women in Aguascalientes City, Mexico. Factors associated with CMV infection found in this study may be useful for an optimal planning of preventive measures against CMV exposure in pregnant women.

Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women in Aguascalientes City, Mexico: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: We determined the seroprevalence and correlates of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in Aguascalientes City, Mexico. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Pregnant women were enrolled in the central Mexican city of Aguascalientes. PARTICIPANTS: We studied 338 pregnant women who attended prenatal care in 3 public health centres. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Women were examined for IgG/IgM antibodies to T. gondii by using commercially available enzyme immunoassays, and an avidity test. Multiple analyses were used to determine the association of T. gondii seropositivity with the characteristics of the pregnant women. RESULTS: Of the 338 pregnant women studied, 21 (6.2%) had IgG antibodies to T. gondii, and 1 (4.8%) of them was also positive for IgM antibodies to T. gondii. Avidity of IgG antibodies to T. gondii was high in the IgM-positive sample. Logistic regression analysis of sociodemographic, behavioural and housing variables showed that T. gondii seropositivity was associated with white ethnicity (OR=149.4; 95% CI 10.8 to 2054.1; p<0.01), not washing hands before eating (OR=6.41; 95% CI 1.73 to 23.6; p=0.005) and use of latrine (OR=37.6; 95% CI 4.63 to 306.31; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrate that pregnant women in Aguascalientes City have a low seroprevalence of T. gondii infection. However, this low prevalence indicates that most pregnant women are at risk for a primary infection. Factors associated with T. gondii exposure found in this study, including food hygiene, may be useful to determine preventive measures against T. gondii infection and its sequelae.

Prevalencia de los genotipos fimA II y fimA IV de Porphyromonas gingivalis en un grupo de mujeres mexicanas con diabetes gestacional en la región centro de México / Prevalence of fimA II and fimA IV Porphyromonas gingivalis genotypes in a group of Mexican women with gestational diabetes in the central region of México

La diabetes gestacional (DG) es una de las complicaciones médicas que más frecuentemente afectan a las mujeres embarazadas; algunos autores reportan una prevalencia entre el 9,7 y el 13,9%. La DG puede ser causa de efectos adversos como: nacimiento pretérmino, macrosomia, nacimiento por cesárea, hiperbilirrubinemia, hipertensión gestacional, así como la predisposición de desarrollar posteriormente diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y síndrome metabólico. La literatura señala la asociación entre los microorganismos presentes en el biofilm subgingival, etiológicos de la inflamación de los tejidos de soporte dentarios y diabetes mellitus. Uno de estos microorganismos, Porphyromonas gingivalis, expresa, entre otros factores de virulencia, una proteína llamada fimbrilina, la cual presenta variaciones genotípicas relacionadas con su capacidad de inducción en la expresión de mediadores inflamatorios; los genotipos fimA II y fimA IV se consideran con mayor capacidad de virulencia y su presencia se ha asociado con la resistencia a la insulina. En este estudio analizamos la prevalencia de los genotipos fimA II y fimA IV en un grupo de mujeres mexicanas de la región central de México con DG, en mujeres con embarazo sin diabetes y mujeres sin embarazo y sin diabetes. Los resultados encontrados muestran una elevada presencia del genotipo fimA II en mujeres con DG (p < 0,05)

Gestational diabetes (GD) is one of the most common complications in pregnant women, with some authors reporting prevalence between 9.7% and 13.9%. GD can lead to the following adverse effects: preterm birth, macrosomia, cesarean birth, hyperbilirubinemia, gestational hypertension, and predisposition to later develop diabetes mellitus type 2 and metabolic syndrome. The literature shows an association between microorganisms in the subgingival biofilm, which produces inflammation of the dental support tissue, and diabetes mellitus. Porphyromonasgingivalis is one of these microorganisms, and among other virulence factors, it expresses a protein called fimbrilin which has genotypic variations related to its ability to induce expression of inflammatory mediators. Genotypes fimA II and fimA IV are considered to have a greater virulence and their presence has been associated with insulin resistance. An analysis is made on the prevalence of genotypes fimA II and fimA IV in a group of women in central region of Mexico with GD, pregnant women without diabetes, and non-pregnant women without diabetes. The results show an elevated presence of genotype fimA II in women with GD (P <.05)